Signal transduction

n biology, signal transduction is a mechanism that converts a mechanical/chemical stimulus to a cell into a specific cellular response.[1] Signal transduction starts with a signal to a receptor, and ends with a change in cell function.
Transmembrane receptors span the cell membrane, with part of the receptor outside and part inside the cell. The chemical signal binds to the outer portion of the receptor, changing its shape and conveying another signal inside the cell. Some chemical messengers, such as testosterone, can pass through the cell membrane, and bind directly to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

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